Antisense modulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression

ABSTRACT

Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. The compositions comprise antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 are provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. In particular, this invention relates to compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Such compounds have been shown to modulate the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central regulator in immune and inflammatory responses, involved in generating systemic and local response to infection, injury, and immunologic challenges. IL-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and monocytes, and participates in lymphocyte activation, induction of fever, leukocyte trafficking, the acute phase response, and cartilage remodeling. The expression of more than 90 genes is affected by IL-1, including genes that encode other cytokines, cytokine receptors, acute-phase reactants, growth factors, tissue-remodeling enzymes, extracellular matrix components, and cell adhesion molecules. IL-1 is a critical cytokine in the pathogenesis of viral infections and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (O'Neill and Greene, J. Leukoc. Biol., 1998, 63, 650-657).

[0003] Cellular responses are transduced through the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI), located on the plasma membrane of a variety of IL-1-responsive cells. Binding of IL-1 to IL-1RI ultimately triggers activation of transcription factors in the NF-κB family, which are bound by inhibitory proteins (IκBS) and remain anchored in the cytoplasm until the inhibitory proteins are degraded. In response to IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or other extracellular stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides, double-stranded RNA, or oxidative stress, and once unbound and activated, NF-κB is then transported to the nucleus, where it influences the activity of many genes (O'Neill and Greene, J. Leukoc. Biol., 1998, 63, 650-657).

[0004] A family of proteins has been described that share significant homology with the type I IL-1 receptor in their signaling domains. This family includes IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1-RAcP), which does not bind IL-1, but is essential for IL-1 signaling; a Drosophila receptor protein, Toll; a number of human Toll-like receptors (hTLRs); the interferon-γ-inducing factor/IL-1γ/IL-18 receptor-related protein (IL-1Rrp), a number of plant proteins, and the IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and IRAK-M). All members of this family appear to be involved in host responses to injury and infection (O'Neill and Greene, J. Leukoc. Biol., 1998, 63, 650-657; Wesche et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 19403-19410).

[0005] The IL-1 signaling pathway in mammals is analogous to the Toll pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Homologues of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinases are found in D. melanogaster (Pelle) and in plants (Pto), and in these systems, the kinases have been shown to be components of a signal transduction system leading to the activation of NF-κB. A model for the signaling pathway in which IL-1 receptor associated kinase-4 is likely to function is as follows: when cells receive the extracellular IL-1 signal, a complex between IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP is formed (Huang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1997, 94, 12829-12832), the cytosolic adapter protein MyD88 interacts with IL-1RAcP in the receptor complex (Burns et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 12203-12209), and MyD88 rapidly recruits a IL-1 receptor-associated kinase into the complex. Tollip also interacts with IL-1RAcP and is believed to block autophosphorylation of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase or its association with another kinase; thus, the association of Tollip with the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase is inhibitory (Burns et al., Nat. Cell Biol., 2000, 2, 346-351). At some point after its IL-1-dependent association with the receptor complex, the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase may be extensively phosphorylated and its own serine/threonine kinase catalytic activity activated (Cao et al., Science, 1996, 271, 1128-1131). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 is known to interact with an adapter protein, TRAF6, a protein critical for IL-1-dependent activation of NF-κB, which then dissociates from the receptor complex. TRAF6 relays a signal via NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) to two I-κB kinases (IKK-1 and -2), culminating in activation of NF-κB (Bacher et al., FEBS Lett., 2001, 497, 153-158; Jefferies et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 2001, 21, 4544-4552; O'Neill and Greene, J. Leukoc. Biol., 1998, 63, 650-657).

[0006] IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (also known as interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4, IRAK4, IRAK-4, DD-1, and NY-REN-64 antigen) was originally identified as NY-REN-64, one of 65 human tumor antigens recognized by autologous antibodies from patients with renal cell carcinoma using serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX). Sequence analysis of the NY-REN-64 cDNA clone identified in the SEREX screen revealed a novel gene encoding a transcript of 2.8 kilobases and a predicted protein of 460 amino acids (Genbank Accession AF155118) noted to bear a protein kinase motif (Scanlan et al., Int. J. Cancer, 1999, 83, 456-464). Based on its homology to the other IL-1 receptor-associated kinases, this gene has more recently been placed in the IRAK family and given the name IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4.

[0007] There is evidence that the IRAKs are functionally redundant in vivo. Members of this family of IL-1 receptor-associated kinases may also have overlapping yet distinct signaling roles. IRAK-2 and IRAK-M can reconstitute the IL-1 response in human embryonic kidney 293 mutant cell lines lacking IRAK-1 (Wesche et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 19403-19410). Furthermore, at least IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 plays a role in regulation of multiple signaling pathways. In addition to transducing the IL-1 signal, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 also transduces a signal initiated by binding of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to its receptor, again leading to activation of NF-κB (Vig et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 13077-13084; Vig et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 7859-7866). In another signal transduction pathway separate from its activation of NF-κB, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 has also been implicated in activation of the Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and the transcription factor AP-1 (Bacher et al., FEBS Lett., 2001, 497, 153-158).

[0008] Disclosed and claimed in PCT Publication WO 00/73801 are methods of diagnosing a disorder and methods for treating a pathological cell condition characterized by aberrant expression of a human cancer associated antigen encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 or a fragment thereof, and wherein the agent used in said method of treatment is an antisense nucleic acid molecule. Also claimed is an isolated nucleic acid molecule of sufficient length to represent a sequence unique within the human genome, identifying a nucleic acid encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Further claimed is a method for treating a subject having a condition characterized by IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression (Obata, 2000).

[0009] Disclosed and claimed in PCT Publication WO 01/51641 are isolated nucleic acids and expression vector constructs encoding an IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 polypeptide as well as isolated polypeptides with at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity to IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Further claimed is a method for identifying a compound useful in the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases by expressing IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and truncated or mutant forms of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 protein. Also claimed is a method of treating an inflammatory disease in a patient by administering a compound that modulates IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, as well as a method of inhibiting the transduction of a signal resulting from the activation of an IL-1R/Toll receptor in a cell, comprising introducing into said cell an inhibitor of the activity or expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (Wesche and Li, WO Application, 2001).

[0010] IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 is involved in tumorigenesis, and the pharmacological modulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 activity and/or expression is therefore believed to be an appropriate point of therapeutic intervention in pathological conditions such as cancer, as well as viral infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory disease and immune disorders.

[0011] Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents which effectively inhibit the synthesis of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 function.

[0012] Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression.

[0013] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The present invention is directed to compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, and which modulate the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention employs oligomeric compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, ultimately modulating the amount of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4” encompass DNA encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense”. The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.

[0016] It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.

[0017] It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.

[0018] The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.

[0019] Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.

[0020] Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

[0021] In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.

[0022] Antisense and other compounds of the invention which hybridize to the target and inhibit expression of the target are identified through experimentation, and the sequences of these compounds are hereinbelow identified as preferred embodiments of the invention. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are hereinbelow referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting. Therefore another embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds which hybridize to these active sites.

[0023] Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use.

[0024] For use in kits and diagnostics, the antisense compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other antisense compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.

[0025] Expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds which affect expression patterns.

[0026] Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (reviewed in (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41).

[0027] The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

[0028] In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

[0029] While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 50 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 50 linked nucleosides). Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 30 nucleobases. Antisense compounds include ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides (oligozymes), and other short catalytic RNAs or catalytic oligonucleotides which hybridize to the target nucleic acid and modulate its expression.

[0030] As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

[0031] Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

[0032] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

[0033] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0034] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

[0035] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0036] In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

[0037] Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂ CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

[0038] Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₂)₂, also described in examples hereinbelow.

[0039] A further prefered modification includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage is preferably a methelyne (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

[0040] Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), 2′-allyl (2′-CH₂—CH═CH₂), 2′-O-allyl (2′-O—CH₂—CH═CH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). The 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0041] Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine(1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

[0042] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

[0043] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. The compounds of the invention can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0044] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0045] It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

[0046] Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0047] The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

[0048] The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules. The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0049] The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

[0050] The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.

[0051] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

[0052] Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

[0053] For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0054] The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.

[0055] The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 in a sample may also be prepared.

[0056] The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

[0057] Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Preferred topical formulations include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters include but are not limited arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl ester (e.g. isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0058] Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Prefered bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate, sodium glycodihydrofusidate. Prefered fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. sodium). Also prefered are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly prefered combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches. Particularly preferred complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, protamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylaminomethylethylene P(TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g. p-amino), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAE-albumin and DEAE-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/886,829 (filed Jul. 1, 1997), 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), 09/256,515 (filed Feb. 23, 1999), 09/082,624 (filed May 21, 1998) and 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0059] Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

[0060] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

[0061] The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0062] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[0063] In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.

[0064] Emulsions

[0065] The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.

[0066] Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

[0067] Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

[0068] Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

[0069] A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

[0070] Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

[0071] Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

[0072] The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

[0073] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

[0074] The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

[0075] Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (CB-C12) mono, di, and triglycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C₈-C₁₀ glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

[0076] Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

[0077] Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

[0078] Liposomes

[0079] There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.

[0080] Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.

[0081] In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.

[0082] Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

[0083] Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.

[0084] Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.

[0085] Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis.

[0086] Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

[0087] Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

[0088] One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

[0089] Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).

[0090] Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome™ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P.Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).

[0091] Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G_(M1), or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).

[0092] Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G_(M1), galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G_(M1) or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al.).

[0093] Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C₁₂15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. (FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al.) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.

[0094] A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.

[0095] Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

[0096] Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

[0097] If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

[0098] If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

[0099] If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

[0100] If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

[0101] The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

[0102] Penetration Enhancers

[0103] In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

[0104] Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.

[0105] Surfactants: In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or “surface-active agents”) are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).

[0106] Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).

[0107] Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term “bile salts” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).

[0108] Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).

[0109] Non-chelating non-surfactants: As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

[0110] Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides.

[0111] Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.

[0112] Carriers

[0113] Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, “carrier compound” or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).

[0114] Excipients

[0115] In contrast to a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).

[0116] Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

[0117] Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.

[0118] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

[0119] Other Components

[0120] The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

[0121] Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[0122] Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed. 1987, pp. 1206-1228, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J. When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0123] In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0124] The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

[0125] While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0126] Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2′-alkoxy Amidites

[0127] 2′-Deoxy and 2′-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.). Other 2′-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds.

[0128] Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21, 3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling Va. or ChemGenes, Needham Mass.).

[0129] 2′-Fluoro Amidites

[0130] 2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine Amidites

[0131] 2′-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described previously [Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841] and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2′-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S_(N)2-displacement of a 2′-beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3′,5′-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite intermediates.

[0132] 2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine

[0133] The synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyrylarabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine. Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5′-DMT- and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidites.

[0134] 2′-Fluorouridine

[0135] Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2,2′-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

[0136] 2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine

[0137] 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

[0138] 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Modified Amidites

[0139] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504.

[0140] 2,2′-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluridine]

[0141] 5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60° C. at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4° C.).

[0142] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine

[0143] 2,2′-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160° C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160° C., the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH₃CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH₂Cl₂/acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.

[0144] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

[0145] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH₃CN (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (1.5 L) and extracted with 2×500 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and 2×500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).

[0146] 3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

[0147] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35° C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (800 mL) and extracted with 2×200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2×200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHCl₃. The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane (4:1). Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions.

[0148] 3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine

[0149] A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH₃CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH₃CN (1 L), cooled to −5° C. and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl₃ was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10° C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1×300 mL of NaHCO₃ and 2×300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound.

[0150] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

[0151] A solution of 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH₄OH (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2×200 mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH₃ gas was added and the vessel heated to 100° C. for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion). The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.

[0152] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

[0153] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.

[0154] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-3′-amidite

[0155] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L). Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (1×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3×300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.

[0156] 2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites

[0157] 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

[0158] 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5-methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine.

[0159] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O₂-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine

[0160] O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100.0 g, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66 g, 0.013 eq, 0.0054 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8 g, 119.0 mL, 1.1 eq, 0.458 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×1 L) and brine (1 L). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600 mL) and the solution was cooled to −10° C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl ether (3×200 mL) and dried (40° C., 1 mm Hg, 24 h) to 149 g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product.

[0161] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0162] In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL). In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160° C. was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure<100 psig). The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1 mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100° C.) with the more extreme conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2 kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84 g, 50%), contaminated starting material (17.4 g) and pure reusable starting material 20 g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% pure product.

[0163] 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine

[0164] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (20 g, 36.98 mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63 g, 44.36 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (7.24 g, 44.36 mmol). It was then dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum for two days at 40° C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8 mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98 mL, 44.36 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs. By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (60:40), to get 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819 g, 86%).

[0165] 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine

[0166] 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine (3.1 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 mL) and methylhydrazine (300 mL, 4.64 mmol) was added dropwise at −10° C. to 0° C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was concentrated to get 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeGH (67.5 mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1 eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl]-5-methyluridine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%).

[0167] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine

[0168] 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.77 g, 3.12 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1M pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6 mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to this solution at 10° C. under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5%, 10 mL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH (30.6 mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30 mL, 3.37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10° C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHCO₃ (25 mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine as a white foam (14.6 g, 80%).

[0169] 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0170] Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91 mL, 24.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 12 mmol, dry, kept over KOH). This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.40 g, 2.4 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (766 mg, 92.5%).

[0171] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0172] 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (750 mg, 2.17 mmol) was dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20 mL). The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (11 mL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5 mg, 2.60 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (880 mg, 2.60 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylamino-oxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.13 g, 80%).

[0173] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

[0174] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.08 g, 1.67 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL). To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29 g, 1.67 mmol) was added and dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N¹,N¹-tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12 mL, 6.08 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1). The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04 g, 74.9%).

[0175] 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

[0176] 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

[0177] N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

[0178] The 2′-O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2′-O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with aminor amount of the 3′-O-isomer. 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C., Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C. J., WO 94/02501 A1 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine. As before the hydroxyl group may be displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-([2-phthalmidoxy]ethyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite].

[0179] 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) Nucleoside Amidites

[0180] 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e., 2′-O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₂)₂, or 2′-DMAEOE nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows. Other nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

[0181] 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl Uridine

[0182] 2[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol) is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetra-hydrofuran (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas evolves as the solid dissolves. O²-,2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155° C. for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened. The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL). The excess phenol is extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a white solid.

[0183] 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl)]-5-methyl Uridine

[0184] To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine in anhydrous pyridine (8 mL), triethylamine (0.36 mL) and dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ layers are washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by silica gel chromatography using MeOH:CH₂Cl₂:Et₃N (20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound.

[0185] 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

[0186] Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are added to a solution of 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyluridine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and the solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the eluent to give the title compound.

Example 2

[0187] Oligonucleotide Synthesis

[0188] Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

[0189] Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized as for the phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 h), the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution.

[0190] Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

[0191] Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

[0192] 3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

[0193] Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

[0194] Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

[0195] 3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

[0196] Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

[0197] Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3

[0198] Oligonucleoside Synthesis

[0199] Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0200] Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

[0201] Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 4

[0202] PNA Synthesis

[0203] Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5

[0204] Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0205] Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[0206] [2′-O-Me]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0207] Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2′-O-methyl. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2′ positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to 1/2 volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[0208] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0209] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[-2′-O-(methoxyethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[0210] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0211] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

[0212] Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 6

[0213] Oligonucleotide Isolation

[0214] After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7

[0215] Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

[0216] Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

[0217] Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8

[0218] Oligonucleotide Analysis—96 Well Plate Format

[0219] The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9

[0220] Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

[0221] The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following 4 cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

[0222] T-24 Cells:

[0223] The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

[0224] For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

[0225] A549 Cells:

[0226] The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

[0227] NHDF Cells:

[0228] Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0229] HEK Cells:

[0230] Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0231] Treatment with Antisense Compounds:

[0232] When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Gibco BRL) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4-7 hours of treatment, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

[0233] The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 2, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments.

Example 10

[0234] Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 Expression

[0235] Antisense modulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

[0236] Protein levels of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

[0237] Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1-10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.

Example 11

[0238] Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

[0239] Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764. Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C. was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

[0240] Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Example 12

[0241] Total RNA Isolation

[0242] Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 100 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 100 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 10 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 60 μL water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was repeated with an additional 60 μL water.

[0243] The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13

[0244] Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 mRNA Levels

[0245] Quantitation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 mRNA levels was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

[0246] Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

[0247] PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μL PCR cocktail (1×TAQMAN™ buffer A, 5.5 MM MgCl₂, 300 μM each of DATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μL total RNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

[0248] Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent from Molecular Probes. Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374.

[0249] In this assay, 175 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:2865 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 25 uL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 480 nm and emission at 520 nm.

[0250] Probes and primers to human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 were designed to hybridize to a human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number NM_(—)016123, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:3). For human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 the PCR primers were:

[0251] forward primer: CAGTTGAAGCTATGTACTCTGGTGCTA (SEQ ID NO: 4)

[0252] reverse primer: AGCTGGTGAACCTTCTTAATGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the PCR probe was: FAM-CCAATGTCGGCATGAAAAGAAAAATAAGAGC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were:

[0253] forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC(SEQ ID NO:7)

[0254] reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO:8) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC— TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Example 14

[0255] Northern Blot Analysis of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 mRNA Levels

[0256] Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

[0257] To detect human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, a human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CAGTTGAAGCTATGTACTCTGGTGCTA (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the reverse primer AGCTGGTGAACCTTCTTAATGTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 5). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0258] Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15

[0259] Antisense Inhibition of Human IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

[0260] In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number NM_(—)016123, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3, and residues 116001-147000 from GenBank accession number AC016143, the complement of which is incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”. TABLE 1 Inhibition of human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO TARGET SITE SEQUENCE %_INHIB SEQ ID NO 156448 Start 3 31 tcttctattcctgcccgggc 27 11 Codon 156449 Start 3 36 gttcatcttctattcctgcc 70 12 Codon 156450 Coding 3 62 acatatgttgatggtgttat 49 13 156451 Coding 3 85 ttagtccaacattgaggcag 72 14 156452 Coding 3 94 gcttcctaattagtccaaca 71 15 156453 Coding 3 122 ccttcttgaggatcaataaa 59 16 156454 Coding 3 149 ttaatagctacagctaactt 24 17 156455 Coding 3 180 ctgattgtatctatcatcac 60 18 156456 Coding 3 238 attcagaagtgggacttttt 38 19 156457 Coding 3 245 aacagtaattcagaagtggg 8 20 156458 Coding 3 260 gtggtgccccagtcaaacag 46 21 156459 Coding 3 270 tgtgcaatttgtggtgcccc 62 22 156460 Coding 3 347 ggaacagcatctgggagcaa 19 23 156461 Coding 3 371 gaaggtagtgtattagcagt 73 24 156462 Coding 3 394 gctgaactgttatagcttct 74 25 156463 Coding 3 426 cctgtctttgtcacagaaag 65 26 156464 Coding 3 431 aatgtcctgtctttgtcaca 68 27 156465 Coding 3 440 ggtgtcatcaatgtcctgtc 65 28 156466 Coding 3 561 tgtgacattcttcaattcat 7 29 156467 Coding 3 639 gcctttatatacaactccaa 84 30 156468 Coding 3 683 attgctgcaagcttcttcac 61 31 156469 Coding 3 703 cttcagtagtaatgtcaacc 60 32 156470 Coding 3 777 aagtagttctactaagtttt 53 33 156471 Coding 3 800 tcatctccatcacttgagaa 72 34 156472 Coding 3 841 gcaatgaaccattaggcatg 67 35 156473 Coding 3 891 catgtgccaagaaagtggtg 62 36 156474 Coding 3 914 gcaccctgagcaatcttgca 75 37 156475 Coding 3 922 cattagctgcaccctgagca 81 38 156476 Coding 3 941 tcatgtagaaaattgatgcc 55 39 156477 Coding 3 950 tgatgattttcatgtagaaa 52 40 156478 Coding 3 966 aatatctctatgaatatgat 18 41 156479 Coding 3 1014 agatattttagcagtaaaag 16 42 156480 Coding 3 1081 ttcccacaattctgctagtc 69 43 156481 Coding 3 1086 tgttgttcccacaattctgc 32 44 156482 Coding 3 1113 acgcaaagcttctggtgcca 27 45 156483 Coding 3 1190 acagctggaagtccagttat 63 46 156485 Coding 3 1220 agcaataactgaggttcacg 60 47 156486 Coding 3 1227 aatatctagcaataactgag 7 48 156488 Coding 3 1228 taatatctagcaataactga 79 49 156490 Coding 3 1399 tctcttgcagcagctggtga 75 50 156492 Stop 3 1422 aataaagttttaagaagctg 11 51 Codon 156494 3′ UTR 3 1548 atgctttaataaccactgtc 65 52 156496 3′ UTR 3 1560 gaagttcaacccatgcttta 78 53 156498 3′ UTR 3 1646 atttctcagggattactgta 73 54 156500 3′ UTR 3 1674 aaactgtgtttggtgatgct 66 55 156502 3′ UTR 3 1711 tacagcccaggctctttttg 25 56 156504 3′ UTR 3 1720 caccctacatacagcccagg 55 57 156506 3′ UTR 3 1737 tcagatcagagtgtttccac 64 58 156508 3′ UTR 3 1756 tagtggagtcagctgggctt 63 59 156510 3′ UTR 3 1810 ttattagtggctcacagcag 55 60 156512 3′ UTR 3 1829 agcagatattagcccaatgt 82 61 156514 3′ UTR 3 1846 acctgtcagagaagcacagc 72 62 156516 3′ UTR 3 1854 tcatgactacctgtcagaga 71 63 156518 3′ UTR 3 1894 atttacaaagtgcttgtata 47 64 156520 3′ UTR 3 1951 tgactaataggattttgtaa 55 65 156522 3′ UTR 3 1985 taaatgattgctgtgaacac 63 66 156524 3′ UTR 3 2066 ccttcaactttgtcatgtaa 83 67 156526 3′ UTR 3 2089 accttaactgcatctgccaa 73 68 156528 3′ UTR 3 2137 tggattaggtcaggcccttt 64 69 156530 3′ UTR 3 2191 ctcacatacttcttcaaggc 0 70 156532 3′ UTR 3 2211 gttttagccaatgtggccct 66 71 156534 3′ UTR 3 2218 cctttaggttttagccaatg 53 72 156536 3′ UTR 3 2223 ggccacctttaggttttagc 57 73 156538 3′ UTR 3 2236 ctcatctcctagaggccacc 35 74 156540 3′ UTR 3 2256 ctgacaactggaaggtaggt 71 75 156542 3′ UTR 3 2267 tttcctgcttgctgacaact 68 76 156544 3′ UTR 3 2364 gtggttatcatctgaagctt 11 77 156546 3′ UTR 3 2377 gtcagcccaggctgtggtta 45 78 156548 3′ UTR 3 2419 tagattctcatactgaggat 55 79 156550 3′ UTR 3 2469 tgacccattatctcacagtt 67 80 156552 Exon 1 10 755 aatgccttacctgcccgggc 21 81 156554 Coding 10 2898 cattatgaacaaaagctggt 51 82 156556 Coding 10 16646 agggttagacagacaatgca 34 83 156558 Coding 10 18506 gtggcagcatctgtggtaag 56 84 156560 Exon 9 10 24229 cggaacttaccacaccaaag 24 85 156562 Coding 10 25400 ctagtaaaacctatgaagac 20 86 156564 Coding 10 27190 gtgcttctaatagcgcaatt 35 87 156566 Exon 11 10 28296 aaatgcataccttcttaatg 8 88

[0261] As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84 and 87 demonstrated at least 30% inhibition of human IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 expression in this assay and are therefore preferred. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting by compounds of the present invention.

Example 16

[0262] Western Blot Analysis of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 Protein Levels

[0263] Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 is used, with a radiolabelled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

1 88 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 1 tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 2 atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 3 2817 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (50)...(1432) 3 gttcttctgt cgccggcttc agcagcccgc gcccgggcag gaatagaag atg aac aaa 58 Met Asn Lys 1 ccc ata aca cca tca aca tat gtg cgc tgc ctc aat gtt gga cta att 106 Pro Ile Thr Pro Ser Thr Tyr Val Arg Cys Leu Asn Val Gly Leu Ile 5 10 15 agg aag ctg tca gat ttt att gat cct caa gaa gga tgg aag aag tta 154 Arg Lys Leu Ser Asp Phe Ile Asp Pro Gln Glu Gly Trp Lys Lys Leu 20 25 30 35 gct gta gct att aaa aaa cca tct ggt gat gat aga tac aat cag ttt 202 Ala Val Ala Ile Lys Lys Pro Ser Gly Asp Asp Arg Tyr Asn Gln Phe 40 45 50 cac ata agg aga ttt gaa gca tta ctt caa act gga aaa agt ccc act 250 His Ile Arg Arg Phe Glu Ala Leu Leu Gln Thr Gly Lys Ser Pro Thr 55 60 65 tct gaa tta ctg ttt gac tgg ggc acc aca aat tgc aca gtt ggt gat 298 Ser Glu Leu Leu Phe Asp Trp Gly Thr Thr Asn Cys Thr Val Gly Asp 70 75 80 ctt gtg gat ctt ttg atc caa aat gaa ttt ttt gct cct gcg agt ctt 346 Leu Val Asp Leu Leu Ile Gln Asn Glu Phe Phe Ala Pro Ala Ser Leu 85 90 95 ttg ctc cca gat gct gtt ccc aaa act gct aat aca cta cct tct aaa 394 Leu Leu Pro Asp Ala Val Pro Lys Thr Ala Asn Thr Leu Pro Ser Lys 100 105 110 115 gaa gct ata aca gtt cag caa aaa cag atg cct ttc tgt gac aaa gac 442 Glu Ala Ile Thr Val Gln Gln Lys Gln Met Pro Phe Cys Asp Lys Asp 120 125 130 agg aca ttg atg aca cct gtg cag aat ctt gaa caa agc tat atg cca 490 Arg Thr Leu Met Thr Pro Val Gln Asn Leu Glu Gln Ser Tyr Met Pro 135 140 145 cct gac tcc tca agt cca gaa aat aaa agt tta gaa gtt agt gat aca 538 Pro Asp Ser Ser Ser Pro Glu Asn Lys Ser Leu Glu Val Ser Asp Thr 150 155 160 cgt ttt cac agt ttt tca ttt tat gaa ttg aag aat gtc aca aat aac 586 Arg Phe His Ser Phe Ser Phe Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asn Val Thr Asn Asn 165 170 175 ttt gat gaa cga ccc att tct gtt ggt ggt aat aaa atg gga gag gga 634 Phe Asp Glu Arg Pro Ile Ser Val Gly Gly Asn Lys Met Gly Glu Gly 180 185 190 195 gga ttt gga gtt gta tat aaa ggc tac gta aat aac aca act gtg gca 682 Gly Phe Gly Val Val Tyr Lys Gly Tyr Val Asn Asn Thr Thr Val Ala 200 205 210 gtg aag aag ctt gca gca atg gtt gac att act act gaa gaa ctg aaa 730 Val Lys Lys Leu Ala Ala Met Val Asp Ile Thr Thr Glu Glu Leu Lys 215 220 225 cag cag ttt gat caa gaa ata aaa gta atg gca aag tgt caa cat gaa 778 Gln Gln Phe Asp Gln Glu Ile Lys Val Met Ala Lys Cys Gln His Glu 230 235 240 aac tta gta gaa cta ctt ggt ttc tca agt gat gga gat gac ctc tgc 826 Asn Leu Val Glu Leu Leu Gly Phe Ser Ser Asp Gly Asp Asp Leu Cys 245 250 255 tta gta tat gtt tac atg cct aat ggt tca ttg cta gac aga ctc tct 874 Leu Val Tyr Val Tyr Met Pro Asn Gly Ser Leu Leu Asp Arg Leu Ser 260 265 270 275 tgc ttg gat ggt act cca cca ctt tct tgg cac atg aga tgc aag att 922 Cys Leu Asp Gly Thr Pro Pro Leu Ser Trp His Met Arg Cys Lys Ile 280 285 290 gct cag ggt gca gct aat ggc atc aat ttt cta cat gaa aat cat cat 970 Ala Gln Gly Ala Ala Asn Gly Ile Asn Phe Leu His Glu Asn His His 295 300 305 att cat aga gat att aaa agt gca aat atc tta ctg gat gaa gct ttt 1018 Ile His Arg Asp Ile Lys Ser Ala Asn Ile Leu Leu Asp Glu Ala Phe 310 315 320 act gct aaa ata tct gac ttt ggc ctt gca cgg gct tct gag aag ttt 1066 Thr Ala Lys Ile Ser Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Ala Ser Glu Lys Phe 325 330 335 gcc cag aca gtc atg act agc aga att gtg gga aca aca gct tat atg 1114 Ala Gln Thr Val Met Thr Ser Arg Ile Val Gly Thr Thr Ala Tyr Met 340 345 350 355 gca cca gaa gct ttg cgt gga gaa ata aca ccc aaa tct gat att tac 1162 Ala Pro Glu Ala Leu Arg Gly Glu Ile Thr Pro Lys Ser Asp Ile Tyr 360 365 370 agc ttt ggt gtg gtt tta cta gaa ata ata act gga ctt cca gct gtg 1210 Ser Phe Gly Val Val Leu Leu Glu Ile Ile Thr Gly Leu Pro Ala Val 375 380 385 gat gaa cac cgt gaa cct cag tta ttg cta gat att aaa gaa gaa att 1258 Asp Glu His Arg Glu Pro Gln Leu Leu Leu Asp Ile Lys Glu Glu Ile 390 395 400 gaa gat gaa gaa aag aca att gaa gat tat att gat aaa aag atg aat 1306 Glu Asp Glu Glu Lys Thr Ile Glu Asp Tyr Ile Asp Lys Lys Met Asn 405 410 415 gat gct gat tcc act tca gtt gaa gct atg tac tct ggt gct agc caa 1354 Asp Ala Asp Ser Thr Ser Val Glu Ala Met Tyr Ser Gly Ala Ser Gln 420 425 430 435 tgt cgg cat gaa aag aaa aat aag agc cca gac att aag aag gtt cac 1402 Cys Arg His Glu Lys Lys Asn Lys Ser Pro Asp Ile Lys Lys Val His 440 445 450 cag ctg ctg caa gag atg aca gct tct taa aactttattg aaaaagactc 1452 Gln Leu Leu Gln Glu Met Thr Ala Ser 455 460 ttgacttttt atatacacct atctcaacca tttttttaac tgattttttt cctaaatatt 1512 cttctttacc tttaacaagg cataggctgt tgcaggacag tggttattaa agcatgggtt 1572 gaacttccaa aatataaaaa tagagccacc atatcaacac ttagccctac ccattagtat 1632 cacccccagt tcttacagta atccctgaga aatctccttc aagcatcacc aaacacagtt 1692 tgaaaattac agggttagca aaaagagcct gggctgtatg tagggtggaa acactctgat 1752 ctgaagccca gctgactcca ctactaattt gctgtaaagc tttggacata cacttagctg 1812 ctgtgagcca ctaataacat tgggctaata tctgctgtgc ttctctgaca ggtagtcatg 1872 aaaatcaaat gatgcaaaat atatacaagc actttgtaaa ttgtaaaatg atacaaaatt 1932 taaagtttat agagccagtt acaaaatcct attagtcata tatttataga ttgtgttcac 1992 agcaatcatt taaccacaaa taaaatatcc cttgatgata ctgccataat gatatgtcca 2052 ttattagatt atgttacatg acaaagttga aggaatttgg cagatgcagt taaggttcct 2112 aaacaactca ctttgagact gttgaaaggg cctgacctaa tccaagtgaa ccccttgcaa 2172 gaagaattct ccttgtaagc cttgaagaag tatgtgagag ggccacattg gctaaaacct 2232 aaaggtggcc tctaggagat gagacctacc ttccagttgt cagcaagcag gaaaaaaaaa 2292 ttgggacctc agttgcaacc acaaggaact gaattctgcc aaaaatctga gtcagcttag 2352 aagagtactc caagcttcag atgataacca cagcctgggc tgacacctgg atttcagctt 2412 tgcatgatcc tcagtatgag aatctatctg ttctgtgctg gacttctaat atatagaact 2472 gtgagataat gggtcacatt ggctggatgt ggtggctcat acctgtaaat cccagcactt 2532 tgggaggccg aggcaggcag atcacctgag gtcaagagtt caagaccggc ctggccaaca 2592 tggtgaaacc ccgtctctac taaaaataca aaaattagac gagcgtggtg gtggacacct 2652 gtagtcccag ctgcttggga ggctgaggca ggagactagc tggaaccagg gaggtagagg 2712 ttgcagtgag ctgagatcgt gccactgcac tccagcctgg gtgacagagt gagactccat 2772 cataaataaa taaataaata aatgggtccc attaagcctt taaaa 2817 4 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 4 cagttgaagc tatgtactct ggtgcta 27 5 25 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5 agctggtgaa ccttcttaat gtctg 25 6 31 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 6 ccaatgtcgg catgaaaaga aaaataagag c 31 7 19 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 7 gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 8 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8 gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 9 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 9 caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 10 31000 DNA Homo sapiens 10 attccagcat cctggtagaa gagtggaact gacctggagg acagcaaagg agcccacgtg 60 gcgttaagcc tgaaggtgca gtattcccat tcaacagaga ctgctgctga cagtgggcgg 120 gggagtagtt tgcttggccc gtggttgagg aattcgttgg cggaggaggg atcctgagaa 180 ggtactagaa atactgaacc cagtcctgca gaagctactt aacttcacag aaaactaggg 240 cgtcgttgcc ctccagcacg tccaaaggtg tccccgacaa ggccagcagc tctacctgtt 300 tcttctccct cctcttactc tgcctgtcca aaggcacgac actagtccac gtcacctttc 360 tttgggcgca aagggtatgg atcctcaatg ccaacctcgt cacccccccc ccccacacac 420 acacacacac acacacatac aagcccacca tcgcgcaaga aactcgaccc cgtctacctc 480 ggttcagtgg aaggcattca tttgcacaac gctgtgcgca tgcccggaag ccttaagtgt 540 ttcagcctcc gacaggggcg taattaaagg ggcaggcgcc cacgtaaaga cgcgccctac 600 gcaatacgtg gagtttctca ctttgtggag ccgcctggag gcgccaagat gaagcccatc 660 ggggaagtgg ggcggggcca acccggcagg ccccgcccct tcgcggcgct tcctagttcg 720 gctggttctt ctgtcgccgg cttcagcagc ccgcgcccgg gcaggtaagg cattccccgc 780 cttaatgcct cggtcaaacg tcgtccgagg tccgcttcca ggcctcggca cctctgcccc 840 agggttgctg gggtcggctg cggaacggaa atctctttat catccgtgag aaaagttaga 900 gaggaagtgg gttcctttga cagagcttac tccagaagaa agacttgggt aggtccccgg 960 taatcaagaa gttcgtcggc cctgaggaag agcctgaggc ttggagggac gtcacccagc 1020 tgttctgggg cgcagtcgga cctcaagttt ctcacctctc aggccctgga ttccgtgaac 1080 ccgactgcga aatgaagtct cttttcccca gaaccaggaa gtcaggccag cacctgacag 1140 atgcctgtgg cgccagcagc tcgctgagcc tccacacgat tgtaattcgc ttgtttctcc 1200 ggcctccaag cttccaggga attagaaagt ggaggcggct tatgggatca gatgagtaca 1260 ttcgcagatg ggggaaaaaa gtgtacctgt cagcttggaa gccagaggga gacaaaggga 1320 taaaagcaaa ccctgtccag gtgcggtggc tcatgcttgt aatcccagca ctttgggagg 1380 cccaggcggg cggatcgctt gaggtcagga gttcgagacc agcctggcca acatggtgaa 1440 acccctgtct ctactaagat acaaaattta gctggcatag tggcgggcgc ccgtaatgcc 1500 agctactccg ggggctgagg caggagaatc gcttgaaccc aggaggcaga ggttgcagtg 1560 agccgagatc gtgccactac actccagcct gggcaacaga gggagactcc gtctcaaaag 1620 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaagc aaaccctgag aaagcgagaa agcactttga gcatttagaa 1680 tgggaacaaa cggcgctatt agtgcttcaa aaacgtaact gcccaaggcc cctggtaagc 1740 agaggatact aaaatctgcc ttttcccttt cttggagtgg tccttgaaga gggctatcgg 1800 gaagttcaaa tttcttctgt tttcctgcag agcgttcatt tgaagtttgc tttctacctc 1860 tccaaactga gcttctgata ttccaggcca aacttgctcc ttcctcagcc ttctctatct 1920 cagtaaatat cggtaaactt ggttatgctg tcttctcact ctccacatca gcccatagct 1980 ttctattggc tccacctcag aatcctagga cttctgcact tgctctgcta cgaccctggt 2040 cccagcctgc agcacgtccc acctggctta ttggtaggct ctcctaaatg cttctttctt 2100 gcttctctgt ccttactcca acatccttta ttcccagcag ccccagtatc cttctaagac 2160 atgagtacag agcatgtctc ttttctcaaa acttccagca tctacatctc acccagagga 2220 taaacaaagt caatacaaaa actctaaggc ccttgaagac ctggcccctt tacctttctg 2280 acctcatctg ctacttgcct gttccctcct ctgcagtctc accatgtcct tgctgttgcc 2340 cagtgggccc agttccaacc tttgcattta catttcgttt tgtccacaaa cttttcccac 2400 agatagtcca gtggctggct ttctccttct ttttgacctt taatcaaatg gcaccttctt 2460 attgaggctt cctgtgacta ccatatttat aattacaacc ttttctctat ttcgttttgt 2520 tctttcattt cacttggcac catctaacat actatagagt ttatttattt gcttattgcc 2580 ttccttcctc cattagaata taaactccat gaattcaggt tttggttttg ttttgttttt 2640 tttctctaat tttcctaatg cttcatctcc aggggcctgg agcagtatct agcacaaagt 2700 agacactcag taaatatttg gtgagtcaat ggtattatat tttgtttttt aaatatatgc 2760 aaagcatttt caattactta ctgttgtgtt ggatcaatgt tcaagaaaga tatgttaagt 2820 ttaatttatg gtacaccagc acatatccca gtttgtaata ggcagcccta tctaatttaa 2880 tagctctgga agccctcacc agcttttgtt cataatgatg atgttaaagt atctaaaaat 2940 aaagattaat ggttatacag catattttgc taagaatata tggaagtaaa tagtgtattt 3000 tagaaaggat ataaatacat taaaattacc atggttgatc aaataagaca gccaccatct 3060 caaaagctta gctattttct cagacttgtt atttgtacgc tttcagtaga tcctcactac 3120 tgttctggaa attgaaccta aatacagtct gcacatatct ttaaaaataa tgtgatataa 3180 gaataatttc tgccaggaaa taataattgc tccttttttt ttttgaccac ctattattat 3240 gtgacaagat ttggcccttt gcatgtgttg attttaattc ttacagcaat tcttaggtat 3300 tactatctct gtttttcaga taaagaaaag caaggtgcag agaaatgtat ttactagctc 3360 tggtcacagt tggctttggt tagaacttag gcctgtgcaa cctcaaagtt catcttccct 3420 ccacccctgc acaatctttt cctctgatca aagtgctaat gaagcagtct taaaacttta 3480 ttaacacatt tgacaagaat cttttgccct cctgttttgg gcacagtact ttgggaaggc 3540 attggattcc ataagcaggt gcttatttta atatatttct caatcaccac cccacctttt 3600 acacttgtct gaattgtctt acttgaaaat atgaatgggt tttctttact atgagagtta 3660 gtggtatgag gaaacagtca tgaaggtatt tacttatttg taagcaacat atcctgttcc 3720 acctgtgtta atcctaagtg tactaaagta aatcttgaag aatttgaaag agatgacact 3780 ttttaagttt ttttttgccc agtctgtttt cattattgaa aattcagaaa agcaaaatga 3840 aaacaaaact atcataaaag tcatcaccaa gggataacca cgttaatatt ttggcttatg 3900 ttcttgtaag tatgtggttg ggagtggtat atgaatatac atttaaagta aaattttaat 3960 ttctgggatt ttgaacttct gggcacatgt gtggaggagt tgcagaaggc cttctttttc 4020 ctagtatccc tacacttatc acctctgctg gaagcctggg tgcaggagag ctaccaaatt 4080 tatccctggc ctttagatag tctgggtttt ttcctcaatt ccttgtattt tgctctaatt 4140 tataagacta ctaagcagtt ctatcttgtc tagctttgtc aatcatgttg taccttacag 4200 tagagagaaa tcttagtaag gaaaaataac ttgaagagag caactgcaga gtctataggc 4260 aacctagata caatttctta attaaagtta aaaagtcatc agcctttcat tcaacacaaa 4320 tgttgtgagt cgttgctgag gtgaatttgg ttgggtccta gctcaggaga gcacccatct 4380 aacagagaaa gcaaacacat aaacagtaaa acataataat tattataaca gaagaatgac 4440 taggtgacat tttggagcaa aagagatgac aatcagggga agctaacagt gccttttgaa 4500 ttgggcttga aggaataata ggcatttacc aggtggcctt taaggtatgt gggctattct 4560 tttacctggc cctagatgac ttcatttcct gtttcacaga aaaaataaca gtatgtggga 4620 actcttctcc cttcaaatat atctgtattt aaacctctgc ttccttcttt ctagattcaa 4680 aagaggtttc tctctattca aggctgattt cttcacccta tatgctattc attatcccat 4740 ttgtattgcc aaacagctta agtcttaaac ccttaacacc aacagttctc aaaagtctgg 4800 ttggagtccc taatgctctt tcaggagatt tgtaaggtca aaatcatgtt tagttaaaag 4860 attcattcag agtgcaatgg attttaatgt tccaagttaa tttatacagc ttcagattcc 4920 tcattgcagc ttacctttag gaagttattt cttgtcaaat tttagtgtag tatcaaagag 4980 aaatatctac tactttgtga aaaggctatt aaaatacacc tttctttata actatatgtc 5040 tgtgtgaagc tggattttct tcatatacat caaccaaaac aacatgctgc agtgggttga 5100 gtgcagaagc agatacaaga attcagctct cttctattaa gttaaatatt gaagagatta 5160 gcaaaacttt aaaacaatgt tgttcttctg tttttgagga aaaggtaatt attttattaa 5220 aatatatatg ctaacatcta tatttatgat tattttaaat gaattaataa gtaattttta 5280 agtttctcag catcaattta ttatggtaaa tattggtaga tataaccaac ataaacaaaa 5340 gccctttggg gtctacaata gtttttaaga gggtaaaagg tcctgagacc aaatttgaaa 5400 actgctactc tcttgcatgc tctcctccct ctctttccct acccctccac ccccattttc 5460 cctcccctca tactcctctc tctctctttc tccttccctt cataaccaga cttcttggaa 5520 aatctgtttt tgccattcac tcactttttc actatagctg ttcccaagtc accaatggcc 5580 ttctgatttc agagtctaac atatccatca gtgtctattt gacctctctg agtcttttat 5640 accaacctgc caccttttct agaagtctct ggtatgctac catcctggtt tttttcttgc 5700 cttcatgact aagcagtatt ttttaaaatt cttctttcac atcattcctt tccattctaa 5760 gcattcctaa taggcaacct cattttattg ttgcttcaac tgtatatgtg tatatgctct 5820 taatttgtat gagggcattt caaaaagttt gtggaaaaat tgaattaaaa gataaaaaat 5880 gtaaactttg gctcagcact atggctcata cctgtaatcc cagcactttg ggaggccgag 5940 gtgggcagat cacctgaggt caggagttca agaccagcct ggtcaacatg gcgaaacccc 6000 atctctacca aaaatacaag aattagctgg gtgtggtggt gcacacctgt aatcccagct 6060 acttgggagg ctgaggcagg agaatcgctt aaacctggga ggcagaggtt gcagtaagcc 6120 aaaattgcac cactgcacta cagcctggat gatagagcaa gactccaaaa acaaaaacaa 6180 aactgtaaac tttatttctg aacataagcc catgaagttc aagacacttt tgtaagcgat 6240 aacaccagcc atttgggcca tccctaaaga actgagagtc ctgggaattt aaccacatca 6300 atgaagtctt ttttacatta ttaactgaag aaaaatgggt gctctatgaa gatttttcaa 6360 gattgggaaa caaaaagaag tcagaaggag acaaatcagg actgtaaggt ggatgcctaa 6420 tgatttccag ttgaaactca cagaattgcc cttgtttgat gagagaaaag agcaggggca 6480 ttgtgatgga gaaggactct gtggtgaagc tttcccaggt gtttttctgc taaacatttg 6540 actaaagctg taacagaaaa gctttagttt agaaacactt agaaaagcta ctgtttctca 6600 aaaccctctc taataagcag atgttaccat tctttttccc tccagaaagt cagcaagcaa 6660 aataccttga gcatcccaaa aacctgcagc catgcccttg cttttgactg tctgcttttg 6720 ctttaattgg accactgcca ctttggggga gccattgctt tgattgtgct ttaggatcat 6780 actcgtaaag tcatgtttca tctcctgtta caattttttg aggaaatggt ttaggatctt 6840 catcccactt gtttaaagtt tccattgaaa gctctgctcg catctgcagc tgatctgggt 6900 acaacagttt gggcagccat caagtggaaa gtttgctcaa ctttaatttt cagtcagaat 6960 tgtataggct gaactagttg tctatggtgt tcactgttgg ttctgctgtt aattataggt 7020 actcttcatt tagggcacaa acgagatgaa tgttttcctc gaaaatcgat gtggatggtc 7080 tgccgcagca ggcttcatct tcaacatcat ctcatccctt aaaatgagtt actgatttgt 7140 acactgctga ttttctgggg gcattgtccc cataaataaa gcatcagtga tttcaccatt 7200 cttccaacca acctccacca taaatgtggt gtttgttctt gctttagttt tagcagaatt 7260 catgttgctg tggtagaggt tcttttcaaa ctgtcttatt cttctcagtg tctcaactag 7320 atcctgttta gacatgaatg ataagttagt atgagtttat tttggaaata cattttgcaa 7380 aaaaaaaaaa attgaaatcc atgcatggtt tttgcacgat atgcattttc catgaactct 7440 ttgaaaaccc cttatatatg agaatactta cataatgagc attctttgct gaaacctctc 7500 tcctaagctc cagaccacat atataagtac ttggtatgaa ggctcctaga tagtgccaaa 7560 ggtagatatt tcacatttaa catgagccaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaacttcat tctatctccc 7620 tttcttctaa tcgctcatct ctagtgaaat tgttttgatt tggcctccta aatgttttga 7680 cgttttacct ctccattccc ctaccctata ctttttccaa gctctccttt ctgctcacct 7740 ggattattgc agaagttttc aaactaattt tcttgcctca atatacatcc ctttgatttt 7800 tatccagagg aatccactta accatataag attatttaac atccctccta aaaatcctaa 7860 agtggctctc ctgtaacttt tagtttataa gttcaaactc tttgtcttag cacatgaggt 7920 acatgatgat ctggccctgc tacctttcca ccctcatctc ttctcactta atcacaggca 7980 tcctgtggtc cagccatagc aagctctttg cctgagacac acatgctctt accttttccc 8040 atgctattcc ctctgcctgg aattttcttt tgggcttatc ctcattccct ttcattcatc 8100 cttccaacct cctactccaa ccaaatctgt cttgatatcc ctattccaga ctgcctctgc 8160 ttgatgcccc ttttctgggc cccataacat tcttgcagca tttatcactc cctgtcactg 8220 tttgtatccc ctggtatact gaacagcttg gaaacaaaga ttttctcttc tctgtgctcc 8280 cacttgttag tacaaagact gacataaata ttttctgaat gtattcatga atgaaaggaa 8340 aggaatggtc tttctgaaat agagaatggc atgaacaatg cattgtgtta taaaagcaga 8400 gttgtatggc atgacttttg gagtcagaca taattgtaag tcctggatct ctcacttacc 8460 acctttgtaa aatagagatg ataaaactgt actgggaaat aatttagttg ttccaaaagt 8520 aaatactgaa caataccatt atctacagta tgcaagtcac taggtgtata ttcatgaata 8580 aaattagcat ggtcctgaac tcatggatct taaaatcgaa tatgggagac agtaaacagg 8640 taaacaaata agtatatgat tacaaataca ttgtgcagtg atgaaagata attaggtgaa 8700 gggcagctag acctatttag atgtggtcaa agaagtccaa agagaagaag tgaatactaa 8760 catagaagcc tctgatacag agaagctttt cgctttttac tctttttgat agttttagaa 8820 tgttgttcca tatgaacaca ttatttactc taaaattgta tttttaaaat atatataggg 8880 aagcaaaaat aattgacaga agaatatctg agtctatttg tcttaattgg aaggaaagat 8940 catttcctat tgagaatgag ggacacgcag aacaaataaa atccacatag aaagaagtaa 9000 aggtatgaaa tagtcactaa ggactatgag agaagacaag tggaaggatt aacggcagtg 9060 ttgaaggccc tgtggaaagg gggttaccat aaatttgtat tcacatcagc aaccctggtg 9120 tacaagtaaa gttgttagat ttatccctgg ctgcagctct ccaggatgga gtagcagaag 9180 taaaggggga ttgcagaaat aaagattctg tctagagagt agttgaagtg gtgaagcaca 9240 ggttttggcg tagtagcaaa tgaattgtgg tcaggcagat ctcatggact caaaaaatgt 9300 gcagaggtca aggaagagca aagtatgtga aaagtgggtg ggtggaccat atctgttaat 9360 gctacacaaa tcatttcagt acgttttttt tttttacttc taccaaagaa tgttgcataa 9420 attttaattg taaataagta ctaattgaga aacataaatt gaaaggtaaa tgtttttatt 9480 aatagatttg atttctgaat atgctaattc tgatagtttg ttgatattac tcttaagaat 9540 ttttctggta agttttttgc ccctttctat aaattttact aggaaaatat cagtgtcaga 9600 aaaaagtcct ccgattttta ttgctattaa tgggtggaaa aaggaagcaa acccagagga 9660 taattggaca aatgaattac aattttaatt tcatcttagg atatcaatga cttgactttg 9720 gaatgtttct ttattatggt ataatcagtt gctgacattt catatgatat agcaaagtgt 9780 gatatataag cttacagatg tcatctctaa aagtactgta aaattttaat gagatttttc 9840 catattttag gaatagaaga tgaacaaacc cataacacca tcaacatatg tgcgctgcct 9900 caatgttgga ctaattagga agctgtcaga ttttattgat cctcaagaag gatggaagaa 9960 gttagctgta gctattaaaa aaccatctgg tgatgataga tacaatcagt ttcacataag 10020 gtaacagata aaattctttg tatttttaaa ttcttacatc acaatatgga atgattaatt 10080 ggtataagta ctgtctaatg tggcagttta gaaagtaaac ctctccacta tggaggagac 10140 attggtagta ggtaacctct ttttgattgt tccttttgca gttttgtctt ctttgtccca 10200 tatgtcaata gggctaatac tgtgatctct caaataagtt ttttgggtta gaatcaagat 10260 tcccaccttt gctgtggttc cctgtttggc aagccaagtg aagttcactc tgcctcacac 10320 ttctcatttc cagattgaag gaaaataaga atgttacaag aatgtctggt aaaaatctag 10380 agcttaaatt tcaaagtgtg tgaatctcta acacactcta acaatgtatt ttgggacttt 10440 ttcaatttga cgttttaaag ttgttgctta caagtgtaca cttctgtgca cagaattctt 10500 aaatcttagc taggatttct cagtgctgtc ttcagataat ttcaattttt cctttttact 10560 catctctgct caatttagtg taaaatatgc atgcatattt tatttttgtc agtcattgca 10620 gttaaaacct atgtcaaaat gtttctttgg tagcaaaagg aaaagaagac tatttgttat 10680 tttcagcatt aatctgggaa agaacctaaa agacttggct cccttgcagg aaatatttcc 10740 tcataagaag agcgaacatg ttaaattact tgaaagaagc ttaagtttaa actgtgttaa 10800 gccaatgttt aaagataatt ttttgatatt actgttaaaa acttatggaa gataattggg 10860 gcagtggtgg caggaagata aagctcttct cttttttttt tcttttttcc aagactcatt 10920 cctgtgacag aaaaagcttt tctttacaga ataatacctg caaataattg tgaaaagaat 10980 ggtagaatga gaaaaatacc tatttgcaac caccaatgag taactgattc atgcaaggct 11040 catcactgaa cctaaaagca taaggtgaaa ggtggttgtt ctcgtgcatg tgagcaggat 11100 atgcacaaga ttttaaagta ttataggctg agcacagtgg ctcatgcctg taatcctaac 11160 acttgtggag accgaggtgg gcagattgct tgagcccagg agttcaagac cagcctggac 11220 aacatggtaa aaccccatca ctacaaaaaa ttagctgggt gtggtagtgc acgcctgtag 11280 tcccagctac ttgggaggtt gaggtgggag gatcacctga gcccaggaag tcaaggctgc 11340 agtgagccat gatcatgcca ctgcactcca gcctgagtga cagagcaaga ccccctcaat 11400 agatagagaa aaagtattgt acacaaatta cttgtgaagt atgaaagaga agggtacatt 11460 tttaatgagg aaatctgaag tacacttcct tcaccaagtg atcaaacttt agcaccaata 11520 ataatggtac aaaatgctaa tatgtacccc tggatgtgat acaatgggaa aggcacatta 11580 tacctatgta gtatttctac caaaatgctt aatctgaatt taatcatgag aaagtagtca 11640 gataaatcta ggctgttaga cccattctat aagacatctg gcccgtattc taaaacacac 11700 acacccacag acacagattg aaagagagaa tgcacaagag cccagatatg gcacaatttt 11760 atcaattatt caattggtga atctaggtga atggttgttc attctatcat tttttcaact 11820 tttctgtaag tttgaaattt ttaaaaataa aatctttaga ggaaaaacag aaagaaacaa 11880 tattggttaa atttttaaat gttacttttc aaaactaatt tttgatttta aagaaatgga 11940 aagaaatggg ttgaaagccg actttgtgat ttttttcaat ttaattgaat tacagttaag 12000 atcaaaggaa taatttccta agtttttgtg tgttctgttt ctttaattaa gcaggtgcat 12060 ttattaaaaa ttatatagct atcagagtct taagtcatgt gggaagtaat attgctagta 12120 gattaagaat acactctttt gtcaaatgag atctgaattt gtacctcaac ttggatacat 12180 catattggct gtgtggctat gggctggtta ctctacctct ccaagcctgg ctttttcact 12240 agtaaattca tatgataatc ataatatctt tgaacatgct catgtgtgtg catcctataa 12300 cccactaagt aaatatccag taagtaccca gtaaattatt atcatcatct ttggcatctt 12360 ttttcctcct atctttcctg tctctctgta attcttgctg gttctcttgt tgtccctttt 12420 ctttaatgtt gtaggagatg ctgtgggcaa aatgggcagg ggagatcaac acctattttc 12480 atatgacctc agtttataaa tgctattgtt tgaatgtgtc cccaaaagtt catgtgttag 12540 aaacttaata cccattgcaa cagggttgat aggtgggacc tttaaagggt agttaggcca 12600 tgagagcttt gcccttatga gtggattaat gtcgtcatgg caggagtggg ttagttatct 12660 agggagtggg tttctgataa aaggataagt taggccctat ttttcttttt ctctctctct 12720 cttttttttt ctctttcaca tgcacgtgtg catgctcttt tgcccttctg cccttccacc 12780 atgagatgat gtagcaagaa ggccctaacc agatgcagcc tctcgatctt ggacttccca 12840 gcctccagaa ccgtgagcca aattaactat tatttataaa ttaccctgtc tgtggtattc 12900 tattattgca gcacaaaatg gactaagaca atagactaat tttgtttctt tgttacttac 12960 ttttaaggag atttgaagca ttacttcaaa ctggaaaaag tcccacttct gaattactgt 13020 ttgactgggg caccacaaat tgcacagttg gtgatcttgt ggatcttttg atccaaaatg 13080 aattttttgc tcctgcgagt cttttgctcc caggtaaact gattgtgacc agggtgtcca 13140 caattagggt ggaaagacaa atggcagaaa tataaatgtt tcttcttact cttccttttt 13200 tctcatagta gatgaagctt acatttgaga gtccctttct ttcagcactc ctcaactctt 13260 taaaaagcag cacagacaaa ggacactgtg gactctgctg ctaaggtgat agaagcttcg 13320 taagagttag atagttttgt gccaacagga agtttagaag gaaagacttc atacttctgg 13380 cttaggctgt aagaaagtaa ttataatttt gagttcttcc tttttttcat cttcaacttc 13440 taccctgatg ggactctata atcataattt taaaaaattg tattctgatg tggtagtgtc 13500 tagttgcctt ccttataagc tttctttttt tcctttgatg cctttcacac cagtggttct 13560 caacctttat catgcataag aatcacttag gttctggtta aacatgtagt ttcctagggt 13620 ctgttccaaa tctatgtaat cagaattctg gaattgggtt taaggtctat attcttaaac 13680 aggtgcttca gtgcctctga tataggtggc tcatggatca ctgtttgaaa acactgcctt 13740 actctcttta cccatcttca ttataactta cagattctta ctaggcagct tcttgtgtgt 13800 gctgtgagaa tatgagacca acctgtagaa actggaatga tattaaatga accaagtttc 13860 tagtttaact ttttcacaac cactttttct tactgaaaaa ccacttgtat cttacttcat 13920 ttgttagatg ctgttcccaa aactgctaat acactacctt ctaaagaagc tataacagtt 13980 cagcaaaaac agatgccttt ctgtgacaaa gacaggacat tgatgacacc tgtgcagaat 14040 cttgaacaaa gctatatgcc acctgactcc tcaagtccag aaaataaaag tttagaagtt 14100 agtgatacac gtaagtaaca ttttcagtgc tttccactag ggatttgtca ttaagactac 14160 cagtgcttta aaagaaagct cttgctcttt tgtttgtgca gcaatcacag gcacactggc 14220 aatagctctt ttgtgagttg tttcctcctg atatattaag aaccatcttc attgtattaa 14280 tcagtgatta gaggcaatag gacatgcaaa caaccagaga agctatgaaa aaaaataagt 14340 aaatatttac ataacttgga aaggtcactt tttaaaataa aatatgtgac tagagttttg 14400 ggtaggtaga ctagacccac tcaaatgtgt gactagaatt ttgggtgggt gactacagtg 14460 ttcagagggt aggatcacca aacagagttc tcaagaaaaa cttataattt gtattttaga 14520 aatggtttta tcttctctca tcttgtctaa ttcaaaatca taaatatttg catatatgtg 14580 aaatcttcaa atgagaaaat attataatta ttaaaacgaa tttttaaaat ttaagcatgt 14640 ttttcttatt ttgacatagg ttttcacagt ttttcatttt atgaattgaa gaatgtcaca 14700 aataactttg atgaacgacc catttctgtt ggtggtaata aaatgggaga gggaggattt 14760 ggagttgtat ataaaggcta cgtaaataac acaactgtgg cagtgaagaa gcttgcagca 14820 gtaagttata ttttcaggaa taaaaagaaa gagttgcttc atagtgtgcc ctataatagg 14880 ttttaaagtt aatctttagg aaatacatta tttcagtatg tattttcttt aaataaacat 14940 cattctaaat agtagttctt aaaattttaa aatctgttga acactatgga ccctacccct 15000 agaaaaatgt ggttatgtcc atgtacacaa gatcatacat acaattttgg gagattcaca 15060 aactaaagtt gagaagccct gctccacata gtgcttcatg tgtaatcaag attaaaatgg 15120 taagatacca ggaaaactat ttttaaaaaa ccttgtttgc attacttttc ccatttaaaa 15180 ataaaattta ggaagtatac attaagaaaa aacattaaaa ttttttttat ctgtgtcctt 15240 tgttgccatt tctactgagg tgtttacctt ttacttactt gttatattct aaatcttttg 15300 ttagagccta aaaatatcaa tagaatgcat atgtatgtga taaagatagt cactctttgt 15360 catatatgtt gcagggcttt tgtagggttt ttttttccat tttgcaccta aattgcttat 15420 gttttctgtt tcctagaatt tttttcaaat ttttttgtgt agtgaaattt cgtgttattt 15480 cattttgttt ccacaactca gtgaaattta tatatatttt tcattccact aaccagccat 15540 gggccttgag caaatcacta gtatttctag atctcagtta ttctgtagaa ttgggagaat 15600 aatacactat tgttttaaag aaagggagat gagccagctg atctcttgat ccctctgagc 15660 attaggaacc ttagaattgt gtagtattac attgtatatt ttattttttc agatggttga 15720 cattactact gaagaactga aacagcagtt tgatcaagaa ataaaagtaa tggcaaagta 15780 agtcttaatc tggcagtgcg gtgtagtgga aagaaaaaag acaaggagta aagaacctgg 15840 ttcactctag agtatgccat gaactagtga tgtttgcaca tatatgaaat taaaataaag 15900 tgtttagatt agagaaattg aaagtacttt tggctccata attctatgat tacatatact 15960 catatgcctg gagattaaat agcagtcatt tttatttatt tatttttttt gagacagagt 16020 ctcgctcttt tgcccaagct ggagtgcagt ggcatgatct cggctcactg caacctctgc 16080 ctcccaggtt caagcgattc tcctgcctca gcctcccgag tagctggacc tacaggcgtg 16140 tgccaccatg cctggctaat ttttttctgt atttttagta gagacggggt ttcaccgtgt 16200 tagccaggat agtctcgatc tcctgacctt gtgatccacc tgcctcagcc tcccaaagag 16260 ctgggattac aggcgtgacc acgcctggcc gcagtcatta ttttaagtca caacaaagtt 16320 acgtgaaatt tcactatcat gtccttcatt atcatgtttt ccacttccag aattcatgag 16380 agatcaattg tagagatact taaaaacaac tatctataga gtaataggcc cttatatata 16440 aagtagcatc tatagagcaa ctagagtcat gttatctgta aggatgctta gaaggcattg 16500 atcctgtgtg ctggaaaatt gttggacatc atcaggaaaa gtaggaggga caaagtagga 16560 aatgtattct aattattata gtgattaata gtgattgata tttgagtgtg tgcaacatgc 16620 cagacattgt gctatgtact ttatgtgcat tgtctgtcta acccttacaa ctgttacaac 16680 tgcccatttt gtttgttaac tgagatttag aaacattaaa tagcttgtcc aagatcacat 16740 agccagtaag tgttagagat gggattgaaa tccagatctg tttgattgcg gagcctgaac 16800 tttagatctg aatcgtaatg ggatttacca aattataccc attaaaccca ctgctgtaaa 16860 tcaccaatca tagttaccta acctcaagta agaagaatag actagaattg atttatgcac 16920 ggtaaaaatg atacatgctg aaaaaagatc aaactttttt tttcaggatt tgtcttcttc 16980 actcctaccc ctactctcca attctaaaag taacttgttc acagtaggtc atctggaaaa 17040 tacaggaaaa catttttaaa atatacaagc ctatatgcat gcaggactta atacgtaggt 17100 gatgggttga taggtgcagc aaaccactat ggtacacgtt tacctgtatg acaaacctgc 17160 acattctgta catgtatccc ggaacttaat aatacaaacc atctctcaaa tatatcactc 17220 agagataacc actgctaata tttttatata cttgcttcat gatgtgtgtg tagcattttc 17280 ccatgtcact aaaaataatt tgaaaacatt ttaaattatt gtacaacagt ctagcatatg 17340 tgaaaatcat attttattta accatagcta ggtttgtttc taattttcag tattaaaaat 17400 aaagcttctt taaagttctt tgcacataaa tctttaaatg cagttatact tactttatca 17460 tctagggtaa agtcctagaa aaagaattac taggtaggaa tgcatgaact ttttaaagac 17520 tttctaaata cacattcaaa tggcttttga gataagttac taccagcaat gtattacaat 17580 ttcaaacttt actggttcct taccttcatt taatatcatt actttttttt tttttttttt 17640 ttttttggag acggaatctc gctctgttgc ccaggctgga atgcagtggt gcgatcttgg 17700 ctcactgcaa gctccgcctc ccaggttcac gccattctcc cgcctcagcc tccagagtag 17760 ctgggactac aggcgaccgt caccatgccc ggctaatttt gtttttgtat ttttagtaga 17820 gacggggttt caccacgtta gccaggatgg tttagatctg acgtcgtgat ctgcctgcct 17880 cggctgggaa tacaggcgtg agtcactgcg cccggcctat tattacaatt ttttaataag 17940 tgccagtctc tggatcttac tagcagaatg aacttggcca agttttttaa ctttctattc 18000 gttaattttc tcatctataa aatgggacaa tagtacttac ttaagttatt gtgaggatta 18060 aataaaacag ataaatcact tgccacactg cctcgtttat agtataaatt cagcaaacgt 18120 taactactca tgtttaaaat gtgccagttt ggtggaaaat gggacactta ctgttttaat 18180 ttgcacttct tcaaatattt atgagactag aagaaattga tataatgaac tgctagaatt 18240 gtggatcatt ttgaatgaac aaaatgaata agcacttaaa taataaaaca cttatcatgt 18300 gccagatacg tttctaggct gtcatgttta catttgctca tttaattgtc tcagcatcca 18360 tattacatac tgttttctgc atttagcaga taaaggagct gaggctcagt aaggctgtta 18420 acttgcggta ggtcacatat ccaggagggg gcagaactag actttaaatt taggatgtat 18480 aactctgagc cctgttttct ttcgtcttac cacagatgct gccactttat tagattgtag 18540 gtctctttag ttttattact ctcaagtata taaagacact caaattaggt tataaataat 18600 ccagtgtgat taaagatcaa aaacatgtaa attagatgtg attcaagatc atgtctgtaa 18660 atcagtgctt tgagtgtgtt agaaaattct tgacagtatt agcataaaaa ttcaacggac 18720 ttcttgaaat cttatttgtg ccatcattga aaattgggct aaagaaagtg agcatcagcc 18780 tagtccttaa ccaaacttat cacaagttcc aaaaatctga attatttagc ttttactgta 18840 aaatagaaag aggtttggcc agctgtagtg gctcacacct gtaatcccaa tactttggga 18900 ggccaaagtg gtaggagcac ttgaggccag cagtttgaga ccagtctggg aaacacagtg 18960 agacctcatc tttacaaaaa aatttaaaaa gtagctgagt gtggtgtaca ccagtagtcc 19020 aagctacttg ggaggatgag ttaggaggat cacttgagtc cagatggtcg aggccgcagt 19080 gagctatgat tacaccactg cactccagcc tgggcaacag agttagaccc tgtctcaaaa 19140 aaaagaaaaa gaggttttac ttctaatgtt gattaatact ggctgaaaag agaagtattt 19200 gcagaaaatt ataaacagtt acaataaaca tatataaaca taaacatcaa gttagaaata 19260 atatataaca tactattttt ttgctctttt tttctattaa aactttgaat aacttccaac 19320 ctatagctga atatatattt attataataa ttttgcatga aaaattattt gtcacaggtg 19380 tcaacatgaa aacttagtag aactacttgg tttctcaagt gatggagatg acctctgctt 19440 agtatatgtt tacatgccta atggttcatt gctagacaga ctctcttgct tggtaagcta 19500 tttgttcatc agattgtttg gctttttgtt tatatgctgg aatattaata ttcattttgt 19560 tactggatta tttaaaccaa attcactttc atatttttcc tgctctatga aaattataca 19620 gttgatatgt caacaaatta tacagttgat atgtcaacaa ctgggttgcc attttattag 19680 gtggtaatct taaatgtaga attcagttaa gactatacta ggaagatgct tttatatatt 19740 tttatcttca aataacaaat gtaaacaccc atttgagctt atttagatat tatttttaat 19800 aacttaaaaa tgtagtccta aattattaat gctataacat catcttcagt tgttgcctag 19860 aaaaatattc tgtgttatat attctctgta gattttttat tattctttct catttttaat 19920 ttggtttatt tctttataag gatggtactc caccactttc ttggcacatg agatgcaaga 19980 ttgctcaggg tgcagctaat ggcatcaatt ttctacatga aaatcatcat attcatagag 20040 atattaaaag gtaaatgcta ctgtttaaaa gtttttggaa agctgtcttt aaagaataat 20100 ttgctgtcac tctattcacg attcatatgc aggtcttaac ctagagcatc tggacttttt 20160 tcccatcact ccatgaaagc tcttctcaat aaggacatct ataatctcct ttattccaag 20220 cccagtgacc tacttccagt actcatccta cttgaccttt tttgtttgtt ttaatagtag 20280 tttattctgt tcttcttgac acttttgcct tatggaaatt agttgttttc ttagtttatg 20340 gatcactatt cttttctgaa tcaccttcat cctccatgag tacttttcag ttctctttct 20400 ttcttgtgta tttatctagt taaatattta cctactataa gtaacatatt catatataga 20460 gctcaacatc aatcaaataa gcacaaaata attatagaat gttaatatgt acagttcaca 20520 tatatattat atgtattatt attatatagt atagtacata ggattaatat aaagaagggt 20580 ttccaagaaa gtgacattta agcagagatt caaagaatgg gcaggaaata agtagacaca 20640 atttgagggt aactgtagaa tggatgatgg ggagaagaac attctaggca gaaggaactg 20700 catttgtaag accagtggtg agacagaata tgggagcatg atgagttaca agaaatgaaa 20760 tatgctttgg gagccaagat aggaggatca tttgaggcca ggagtagcag acctgactat 20820 gttccctgaa caacatagca agacctcatc tctacaaaaa aactagtcaa acgtggtatt 20880 gcatgcctac agttccagac actagggcag ctgaggaggg aggaggcttg agcccaggag 20940 ttcaaggttg aagtgagcta tgatcgtgcc agtgctcccc agcctgggta ataaagtaag 21000 actctgtcta aaaaaaaatg aagtaaatgc agtatgactg agatgcagaa agttataggg 21060 tggtggattg gagataaaac tacagagaag tgtaggaagc taagtcctat aggacttaat 21120 agatcaaggt aaggctttta gttttatcac aagtgtaatg agatgccgtt gaaaatttta 21180 agtaggaata tggcatcata tttaagtttt gcaaagatga ttttaactct agtgtagaga 21240 acagtttgta agaagaggca gttagtaggc tatcataggt ggcagttcat aagaagagag 21300 gggagcagat tagaaagatt aaaatggcaa aacttgttga taccttggct atgcaggggt 21360 tcaggaagag cgaagtatca ggaatgactc ctggaataat ggcatccaga cttgcattct 21420 ggaatgatta tggcatgatt cacttatgta gaaaggactg aaaaaagact tggttaggtt 21480 ggggttagag agatggttag aaaatgtgaa ttctcttttg tacatgttgt gtttggggtg 21540 cttttaagat gtagtagtag agatggtaga cagtgtgata tacagatttg gagctggagg 21600 tctgagctga agatataaat gtgtattact tgcatacagg tgataattga agtgactgta 21660 ttcacttgag gggagatgta gattaagaaa aggtcacaag attaagtctt ggggaaccct 21720 aagacttaat ggccaaatag aagagatgat cacaaaaagg aatctaagga agtacacata 21780 cagagaaggg taagatgaaa acctggagag tgtggagtcc ctgaaaacga ggaaagaaag 21840 tgtttcccaa gagggagtag tcaaaaagag tcaagggctt taatcattgg attagcatca 21900 ccatggtctt tggtgacttt atggaaaccc atttccaggt agtagttggt ttagaaatca 21960 cattgtagtt gagagagtga gagctagaga actgagatag gagtatagac aagtctttta 22020 agacatttta ctagtgaagg ggacagctag aaatagataa gtcattcagg aaactttttt 22080 taagctggca gagattaagc tgtgcttatg tgcctatagg aaggatccag attaaaaggg 22140 agaggatagt atggaagaga gaaatgagat gatgtgttca gtagggttac tgagaatgta 22200 gaaagcagct caagcagagg aactgaccct agatgagaaa agaaacgcca tctcctatcc 22260 ttcatggatt ggtactttct tgtgttctta tatcattgtc tcttttctcc ctgtatgttc 22320 tttttttttt tttttttgag acaagtttca ctcttgttgc ccaggctgga gtgcgatggc 22380 gcggtcttgg ctcactgcaa ccgtcgcctc ccgggttcaa gagattctcg agcctcagcc 22440 tcctgagtag cttggattac aggcatccac caccacgctc tgctaatttt gtatttttag 22500 tagagatggg gtttctccat gttgatcagg ttggtcttga actcccgacc tcaggtgatc 22560 cgcccgcctt ggcctcccaa agtgctggga ttacaggcat tagccacccg cctggcctct 22620 ctctgtatgt ttttgctgag tgatattatg ttaattttaa ctgctactta tatgtgagtg 22680 tcttttgaat ctgtattatt agcttccaat cctggatttt tagtatcccc gtaccaaaaa 22740 cacttcatct gggtatccca cagtagcctt taagtcagaa cattagaaat caaactcatc 22800 agctcttccc aacctaaagt cttcccacat ttcctttctg atccagtgaa gtcactgttc 22860 attctgtctc tcaaactgaa cacgttctca ttctctatat catgctaatt acaaaattct 22920 gttgtgtgag cctcaaaatt ttcactttcc atttatccca tgttatgacc atttaaaccc 22980 tcattatctc ccatttgctt tgttacaaac cttcgtagtc aacctaaatc cagcctatca 23040 gttctcatct attcactacc acactactag gtcatggtcc taaaagttaa gtctaataac 23100 atcagtttcc tactgtgaaa actttagctg gtatcctgtt gctcacagga taaaatgcaa 23160 attatctcca tgtttcttgg acactcgttc cttgaagttg accatgtata ccatatcatg 23220 tttttgtcac tttgtacctg ttactccatt tgcctggagt gcctttcttt ccctcatata 23280 actattaact tctaataatc cttcaatact aagcacactt ttcaccctct gtttgaaatt 23340 tttcctactt tttccaggca catggttgtt ctctcagcat tttgtaccta atattaccat 23400 tgttttaaaa aattatttat gcctttgtca cagacaagat tttaagactc cgccatgccc 23460 agcagtgagc ttaaatacta cacaacatag ggagttctca ataagattgt gttgaattaa 23520 agtatgaaag cacataatga attaattgag atattttggc catatttttt tctcttcaaa 23580 agccagatag tacagaacaa aagaataaag aaattcataa ttgagatact ttggttggaa 23640 atttgttttg aaatgaattg atacatacta agaaaggaat taataaaggt gccttggaag 23700 actttgtagt aatttaccct ataataaatg atttgtggaa taatgaaaat atctcttact 23760 aatgtagaca gttttatttc atttttattc tcctaaatgt tttcctcaag aaacataaaa 23820 aaagaggaca gttgcttctc tttagctata atctgaattc taggtttatt tctataaact 23880 ttaggctttt atgatgcata ctataaaacg ttacactctg taaatatgta tgtacatatg 23940 catgtatgca tatacatata tacatgcata catacgtaca tctagctaag gaactgtttg 24000 acttttttgg ggtgggaaaa acattttttt cttcaaactt tacatttttt tcagtgcaaa 24060 tatcttactg gatgaagctt ttactgctaa aatatctgac tttggccttg cacgggcttc 24120 tgagaagttt gcccagacag tcatgactag cagaattgtg ggaacaacag cttatatggc 24180 accagaagct ttgcgtggag aaataacacc caaatctgat atttacagct ttggtgtggt 24240 aagttccgta tacataatta ttaaaaataa tcattctgct ataattgtga aaatgaagag 24300 aatattattt aatacaccca tcttgtttat ctctcttatg taacaatata agtttttcac 24360 attaacctct acttatacca gaaagtttat aaaaacttct tccaatgtgt aaaacttttg 24420 agttgatttt tgaaatgact acaagaaatg attttcttgc catctgtctt tatgaattag 24480 catgacacct aatgcattaa atgaatcatg tcatacagta tatactttag tctcacattt 24540 tttgacattt actaatctac ctctctattc ccaataactt ttaagataga gcaagagata 24600 ggtgtgggtg gttgaagaag ccgggggctt tttcttcatt ttattttttc atacgtgttt 24660 catatatgga aatttaactt catagcactg aaaataaggc atagggctat agaatatgcc 24720 taatgtttag aaaataatat tctcctaaga gccagagtaa attattcttg tgaagaatcc 24780 ccaagaggca ggaaaaggat tgggagtcct tagaacatat gttgagtggg gctgactctt 24840 tagtaagttg ccaatagaaa agagctgctt atggtcatgt tggggtccaa gatgtccctg 24900 aaggagggat ggtgagaaat gcccaaagct catgttcttt ccactttaat atctaaaaga 24960 catagctttg tatagaatga ttaatcaaat tttgtaagca agattcatat tcattctagt 25020 ttttgtcttg agtattatat atataattta ttaatatcat gtataatata tatatttttt 25080 agagagacaa ggtctcactc agtcacccag actgaagtgc agtggtggaa ttatggctcg 25140 ctgtagcctc aacctcccag gttctagtga tcctctcact tcagcctccc aagtagctgg 25200 gactacaggt gtgtgccacc acacccagcc aatgtttttt taaaattttt tgtagagaca 25260 gggtctcact gttgcccagg ctggtcgtga agtccggggc tcaagttatc ctcccacatc 25320 tgtctcccaa agtgctggga ttacaggcgt tagccactgt gcccagccta tcttgtgtat 25380 tatattaatg attttttttg tcttcatagg ttttactaga aataataact ggacttccag 25440 ctgtggatga acaccgtgaa cctcagttat tggtaaatga aatattcatt ttcctcaatc 25500 cttttttctc tgcttttgta gtctaaattt atatggataa atttgacatc taaaaataac 25560 attttctatt ggcaatcttt ccattggcta ttacacgaca gcatatggaa aaagcattaa 25620 atattttcat tctcagctct cccatgaagt atttgtgaag cctagaaaag tcacttatat 25680 attctttgtt ctgatttctt tgtgggtaaa atgagaatag aactaaatga tttctgaggt 25740 cctctttagc ttatgtttat tttgtgtcac ttttggggtg gctactgtta ataacagtgt 25800 ttccagcatt ttcagagggg ggaaaaaaaa ggcttccatt caaatttctt tcagaataaa 25860 attgctagta aaagttatca cttatttcta tcatggggta ttttatttac aaagttacaa 25920 taaaaaacat accaaatttg ctattgttag gaaaaattca tatcatgttt ttcctttgct 25980 ctcacaccac aacaacaatc aacacagaag atttctgtga ccaaatgcga ctgggaaggg 26040 tttctcccca ccaacaagca ggcaatctac tttgcagcgg aagtcagctg gatctcctcc 26100 aatttaattc tgacactaca ttcctggaca tagcatcaga gtcagatccc acaggttaag 26160 agctcagtcc ccaagactgc catcccacca gacaccagtt gtaagtttag gcctccagaa 26220 cttctgacca actgccttca agttggagtt cctatgacct cctctgtggg tatggagggc 26280 tcaagattga acccagattg attcactaag ttgcagcata tactttacct aagttttcca 26340 tcgttttgcc taagactttt tccttcaaaa tatataaaag cctcaaaact ttggcttgag 26400 taagaatgaa atgcagaaaa acataagctg tatctcagtc acaagttttg catttcatca 26460 tataatagtg aaaatcataa atctttggag aaggttttac tctttcaccc attcttaagg 26520 tttgactgtg atgtgactct aaagtaataa gattttcata caagcacagt ttttaaaaaa 26580 gtgatcatct gaagaaccgt tatgtcacta gattctgccg ttgtcaaaca ttttcagaat 26640 ttatctttga aagtggtttt gaagagttta catcctacct ctcatgaata gtttttttca 26700 tctgtattag cttcctagga ctgttataaa aatataccaa aaactgtgtg acttaaagca 26760 acagaaattt atttgctcat agttctggag gccagagtct gaaatcaagg tatgggcaag 26820 actatgctct ctctggagac tccagagaga atcttgcctt gctcattgga tgtagggctt 26880 acctccagga ttagccataa tctggaatga tctcatctca ggatacttaa ttacacctaa 26940 aagggccctt cttttcctaa taagatcaca ttcacaggtt ccaggaatta tgacatagac 27000 atgttttggg ggaccatgat tcacccaact ccacgatctt attcctacac ttctctccct 27060 gttaattttt ttttatcatg gcctgctccc tattttttcc cctccttttt tctctttgat 27120 tcaacaacct tagtacccat agagaaattt gttgggtaca gggaggagga gtcagggtcc 27180 aaaagttgga attgcgctat tagaagcaca tcaagaagca gaccaccctg tgctgcccac 27240 ctagtaaatg ctgctaatgg gaacatataa gcaattagct cataacatag atataaaaat 27300 tggaaggcaa atgggtggaa gtatctagga ggtataaata attaaatata catttgtata 27360 tatatatgtg tgtatatata tatatttata tatatatata tacacatacc cagccatgtg 27420 ttgcctaatg acaggaatac attccgagaa atgtgttgtt aggcagtttc attgtgtgaa 27480 cctcatagag tgtacttaca caaacctaga tgatatgacc tacgacatac ctgggctata 27540 tggtattgct cctaggctac aaacgtatgc tatacagcat aatactctcc tgaatactgt 27600 aagcaattgt aacacactgg taagtgtttg tgtatgtaaa cataaaagag gtacagtaaa 27660 aatacggtat tataatttta tgggaccacc atctatatgt gatctgtcat tgaccaattg 27720 accaaaatgt cattttgtgg tggatggctg tacttattta cataggattt gtcctgtatg 27780 tcttcaattt tttttttttt ttttgagaca gagtctcgct gtgtcaccta ggctggagtg 27840 gcgtgatctc ggctcagtgc aacctctgcc tcctgggttc aaacgattct cctgccagcc 27900 ttccaagtag ctaagattac aggcatgcac caccatgcct ggctaatttt ttgtattttt 27960 agtagaaaca gggtttcacc atgttgccca ggctgggtct tcaattctta ataaggtttt 28020 aagataagat agtaaaatga gagcacatgt tattacaaag tagattaatt taaataatta 28080 aaatatatat tctattttct ttcactatga tttgaagctc ttaaagtttt aacactcatt 28140 ttaaagctag atattaaaga agaaattgaa gatgaagaaa agacaattga agattatatt 28200 gataaaaaga tgaatgatgc tgattccact tcagttgaag ctatgtactc tgttgctagt 28260 caatgtctgc atgaaaagaa aaataagaga ccagacatta agaaggtatg cattttttat 28320 acttatttaa aaagtgaaag gggtggggtt catcatattt tccagagtgt atattttaaa 28380 gcaactgtat aatgtggttc ttttgttttt ttctttcttt ttaaaaggtt caacagctgc 28440 tgcaagagat gacagcttct taaaacttta ttggaaaaga ctcttgactt tttatataca 28500 cctatctcaa ccattttttt aactgatttt tttcctaaat attcttcttt acctttaaca 28560 aggcataggc tgttgcagga cagtggttat taaagcatgg gttgaacttc caaaatataa 28620 aaatagagcc accatatcaa cacttagccc tacccattag tatcaccccc agttcttaca 28680 gtaatccctg agaaatctcc ttcaagcatc accaaacaca gtttgaaaat tacagggtta 28740 gcaaaaagag cctgggctgt atgtagggtg gaaacactct gatctgaagc ccagctgact 28800 ccactactaa tttgctgtaa agctttggac atacacttag ctgctgtgag ccactaataa 28860 cattgggcta atatctgctg tgcttctctg acaggtagtc atgaaaatca aatgatgcaa 28920 aatatataca agcactttgt aaattgtaaa atgatacaaa atttaaagtt tatagagcca 28980 gttacaaaat cctattagtc atatatttat agattgtgtt cacagcaatc atttaaccac 29040 aaataaaata tcccttgatg atactgccat aatgatatgt ccattattag attatgttac 29100 atgacaaagt tgaaggaatt tggcagatgc agttaaggtt cctaaacaac tcactttgag 29160 actgttgaaa gggcctgacc taatcaagtg aacccttgca agaagaattc tccttgtaag 29220 ccttgaagaa gtatgtgaga gggccacatt ggctaaaacc taaaggtggc ctctaggaga 29280 tgagacctac cttccagttg tcagcaagca ggaaaaaaaa attgggacct cagttgcaac 29340 cacaaggaac tgaattctgc caaaaatctg agtcagctta gaagagtact ccaagcttca 29400 gatgataacc acagcctggg ctgacacctg gatttcagct ttgcatgatc ctcagtatga 29460 gaatctatct gttctgtgct ggacttctaa tatatagaac tgtgagataa tgggtcacat 29520 tggctggatg tggtggctca tacctgtaaa tcccagcact ttgggaggcc gaggcaggca 29580 gatcacctga ggtcaagagt tcaagaccgg cctggccaac atggtgaaac cccgtctcta 29640 ctaaaaatac aaaaattaga cgagcgtggt ggtggacacc tgtagtccca gctacttggg 29700 aggctgaggc aggagactag ctggaaccag ggaggtagag gttgcagtga gctgagatcg 29760 tgccactgca ctccagcctg ggtgacagag tgagactcca tcataaataa ataaataaat 29820 aaatgggtca cattaagcct ttaagtttgt ggtaatttat tattcagtaa tagaaaacaa 29880 atacagatac tctcccatga tgtttttccc atgatgattt cccatgatat ttacaggttt 29940 tgcccacatt tgaggggtat gtggaaatta tacagagcat gtacagcggg aggcttatag 30000 tgtacgtact gaaatgtggg gttggagccc caacacagag accccagcag gacactgcct 30060 agtagagcta tgggaagggt gctgccaccc tccagacttg agaattgtag agccaccagc 30120 agcttgcact ctgagcttgg aaaagccaca ggcactcaac ttcaaccatg agggaagcca 30180 cgcaccctgc aaagccacag gagtggagct gcccacggcc tcgagggccc accccttgca 30240 ccagtgtgcc aggatgtggg acatggaatc aaggaatatg ttagggcttt tttttttttt 30300 tttttgagac ggagtcttgc tctgttgccc aggctggagt gcagtggcac gatctcggct 30360 cactgcaagc tctgcctccc aggttcacgc cattcccctg cctcagcctc cccagtagct 30420 gggactacag gtgcccgcca ccatgcccag ctaatttttt ttgtattttt agtagagatg 30480 gggtttcact gtgttagcca ggatggtctt gatctcctga cctcgtgatc acccgcctcg 30540 gcctcccaaa gtgccagtat ttaaagttta atgtcttccc agctgggttt cagacttgcc 30600 aggatcctgt tgcccctttc tttagccaat ttctcccttt tgggacaaga atgttttact 30660 tattgcctgt accaccaact gtatcttgga aataaataac ttatatttta tttcagaggc 30720 tcataggcgg caggaactta ccttgagtct caaatgagac ttaggacttt tgagtgatgc 30780 tagaatgagt taagactttg ggaagggatg attatatttt gcaatgtgag aaagacatta 30840 gatttggggg gctgggggta gaatgacatt gtttagatgt ttgtctcctt caaatttcat 30900 gtttaaatgt aatccccagt gttgggggtg gaggtggggc ctgatgggaa gtgtttgggt 30960 catggtggat gatccctcat gaatggctta gagccactgg 31000 11 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 11 tcttctattc ctgcccgggc 20 12 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 12 gttcatcttc tattcctgcc 20 13 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 13 acatatgttg atggtgttat 20 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 14 ttagtccaac attgaggcag 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 15 gcttcctaat tagtccaaca 20 16 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 16 ccttcttgag gatcaataaa 20 17 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 17 ttaatagcta cagctaactt 20 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 18 ctgattgtat ctatcatcac 20 19 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 19 attcagaagt gggacttttt 20 20 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 20 aacagtaatt cagaagtggg 20 21 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 21 gtggtgcccc agtcaaacag 20 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 22 tgtgcaattt gtggtgcccc 20 23 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 23 ggaacagcat ctgggagcaa 20 24 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 24 gaaggtagtg tattagcagt 20 25 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 25 gctgaactgt tatagcttct 20 26 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 26 cctgtctttg tcacagaaag 20 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 27 aatgtcctgt ctttgtcaca 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 28 ggtgtcatca atgtcctgtc 20 29 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 29 tgtgacattc ttcaattcat 20 30 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 30 gcctttatat acaactccaa 20 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 31 attgctgcaa gcttcttcac 20 32 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 32 cttcagtagt aatgtcaacc 20 33 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 33 aagtagttct actaagtttt 20 34 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 34 tcatctccat cacttgagaa 20 35 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 35 gcaatgaacc attaggcatg 20 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 36 catgtgccaa gaaagtggtg 20 37 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 37 gcaccctgag caatcttgca 20 38 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 38 cattagctgc accctgagca 20 39 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 39 tcatgtagaa aattgatgcc 20 40 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 40 tgatgatttt catgtagaaa 20 41 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 41 aatatctcta tgaatatgat 20 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 42 agatatttta gcagtaaaag 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 43 ttcccacaat tctgctagtc 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 44 tgttgttccc acaattctgc 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 45 acgcaaagct tctggtgcca 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 46 acagctggaa gtccagttat 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 47 agcaataact gaggttcacg 20 48 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 48 aatatctagc aataactgag 20 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 49 taatatctag caataactga 20 50 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 50 tctcttgcag cagctggtga 20 51 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 51 aataaagttt taagaagctg 20 52 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 52 atgctttaat aaccactgtc 20 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 53 gaagttcaac ccatgcttta 20 54 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 54 atttctcagg gattactgta 20 55 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 55 aaactgtgtt tggtgatgct 20 56 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 56 tacagcccag gctctttttg 20 57 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 57 caccctacat acagcccagg 20 58 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 58 tcagatcaga gtgtttccac 20 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 59 tagtggagtc agctgggctt 20 60 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 60 ttattagtgg ctcacagcag 20 61 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 61 agcagatatt agcccaatgt 20 62 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 62 acctgtcaga gaagcacagc 20 63 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 63 tcatgactac ctgtcagaga 20 64 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 64 atttacaaag tgcttgtata 20 65 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 65 tgactaatag gattttgtaa 20 66 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 66 taaatgattg ctgtgaacac 20 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 67 ccttcaactt tgtcatgtaa 20 68 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 68 accttaactg catctgccaa 20 69 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 69 tggattaggt caggcccttt 20 70 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 70 ctcacatact tcttcaaggc 20 71 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 71 gttttagcca atgtggccct 20 72 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 72 cctttaggtt ttagccaatg 20 73 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 73 ggccaccttt aggttttagc 20 74 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 74 ctcatctcct agaggccacc 20 75 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 75 ctgacaactg gaaggtaggt 20 76 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 76 tttcctgctt gctgacaact 20 77 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 77 gtggttatca tctgaagctt 20 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 78 gtcagcccag gctgtggtta 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 79 tagattctca tactgaggat 20 80 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 80 tgacccatta tctcacagtt 20 81 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 81 aatgccttac ctgcccgggc 20 82 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 82 cattatgaac aaaagctggt 20 83 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 83 agggttagac agacaatgca 20 84 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 84 gtggcagcat ctgtggtaag 20 85 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 85 cggaacttac cacaccaaag 20 86 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 86 ctagtaaaac ctatgaagac 20 87 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 87 gtgcttctaa tagcgcaatt 20 88 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 88 aaatgcatac cttcttaatg 20 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound 8 to 50 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4, wherein said compound specifically hybridizes with said nucleic acid molecule encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and inhibits the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4.
 2. The compound of claim 1 which is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84 or
 87. 4. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.
 6. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
 7. The compound of claim 6 wherein the modified sugar moiety is a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
 8. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 10. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide.
 11. A compound 8 to 50 nucleobases in length which specifically hybridizes with at least an 8-nucleobase portion of an active site on a nucleic acid molecule encoding IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4.
 12. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 13. The composition of claim 12 further comprising a colloidal dispersion system.
 14. The composition of claim 12 wherein the compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 15. A method of inhibiting the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the compound of claim 1 so that expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 is inhibited.
 16. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 so that expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 is inhibited.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is cancer.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the cancer is renal.
 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is an inflammatory disease.
 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is an infection. 